Since the first International Congress on Pre- and Perinatal Psychology, held in Toronto, Ontario 1983, congresses have been a major activity of the Association. Biennial congresses were held in San Diego (1985), San Francisco (1987), Amherst (1989), Atlanta (1991), Washington D.C. (1993), San Francisco (1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003), San Diego (2005), Los Angeles (2007), and Pacific Grove, CA (2009).