Presence of Partner/Separation from Partner
Replacement of Clothes With Hospital Gown
Artificial Rupture of the Membranes (Amniotomy)
External Electronic Fetal Monitor
Internal Electronic Fetal Monitor
Epidural/Caudal Analgesia/Anesthesia
"You're 10 Centimeters-Now Push!"/"Don't Push!"
Sterile Sheets, Disinfectant, and Hand-Strapping
Episiotomy (And Some Notes on Forceps and the Cesarian Section)
Four- To Twelve-Hour Separation
Summary: Birth Rituals and Society